similarities between baker v carr and wesberry v sanderssimilarities between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders

; H.R. 471,001350,186120,815, NorthCarolina(11). See The Federalist, No. Indeed, the Court recognized that the Constitution "adopts the qualification" furnished by the States "as the qualification of its own electors for members of Congress." The Great Compromise concerned representation of the States in the Congress. was confessedly unjust," [n22] and Rufus King of Massachusetts, was prepared for every event rather than sit down under a Govt. Together, they elect 15 Representatives. The reasons which led to these conclusions in Baker are equally persuasive here. A single Congressman represents from two to three times as many Fifth District voters as are represented by each of the Congressmen from the other Georgia congressional districts. Since the right to vote is inherent in the Constitution, each vote should hold equal weight. [n34]) Steele was concerned with the danger of congressional usurpation, under the authority of 4, of power belonging to the States. Also, every State was to have "at Least one Representative." . 491,461277,861213,600, NorthDakota(2). 530,316236,870293,446. The only remedy to his lack of representation would be a federal court order to require re-apportionment, the attorneys told the Court. . . A) The only difference in the two cases is that The Baker case was related to state legislative districts. 48. 2, c. 26, Schedule. Like the members of an ancient Greek league, each State, without regard to size or population, was given only one vote in that house. e. The president agreed to hold more press conferences. H.R. . This diversity would be obviously unjust. . [n14], If the power is not immediately derived from the people in proportion to their numbers, we may make a paper confederacy, but that will be all. . . "Baker v. Carr: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact." Thus, in the number of The Federalist which does discuss the regulation of elections, the view is unequivocally stated that the state legislatures have plenary power over the conduct of congressional elections subject only to such regulations as Congress itself might provide. [I]t was thought that the regulation of time, place, and manner, of electing the representatives, should be uniform throughout the continent. . 1983 and 1988 and 28 U.S.C. "; (2) the Due Process, Equal Protection, and Privileges and Immunities Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, and (3) that part of Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment which provides that "Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers. . . None of those cases has the slightest bearing on the present situation. Baker claimed the malapportionment of state legislatures is justiciable and the state of Tennessee argued such an issue is a political question not capable of being decided by the courts. WebKey points. . . IV Elliot's Debates 257. The result was the Constitutional Convention of 1787, called for "the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation. The promise of judicial intervention in matters of this sort cannot but encourage popular inertia in efforts for political reform through the political process, with the inevitable result that the process is itself weakened. "Rotten boroughs" have long since disappeared in Great Britain. The decision remains significant to this day because this case had set history for the political power of urban population areas. . One of the three judges on the panel dissented from the result. . . Partly because the Australian list of federal powers is much longer than the American, less emphasis has been placed on Australias commerce power. However, in my view, Brother HARLAN has clearly demonstrated that both the historical background and language preclude a finding that Art. Federal courts have heard challenges to the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010's mandate that all individuals have health insurance. . Time & \text{Nonconformities per Unit} & Time & \text{Nonconformities per Unit} \\ The current case is different than Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. 1 (1849), because it is brought under the Equal Protection Clause and Luther challenged malapportionment under the Constitutions Guaranty Clause. [n33] (The particular possibilities that Steele had in mind were apparently that Congress might attempt to prescribe the qualifications for electors or "to make the place of elections inconvenient." The General Assembly of the Georgia Legislature has been recently reapportioned [*] as a result of the order of the three-judge District Court in Toombs v. Fortson, 205 F.Supp. [n52] Bills which would have imposed on the States a requirement of equally or nearly equally populated districts were regularly introduced in the House. supra, 49-54. [n5][p22]. I, 2, as a limiting factor on the States. This brings us to the merits. No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. [n29] After further discussion of districting, the proposed resolution was modified to read as follows: [Resolved] . The progressive elimination of the property qualification is described in Sait, American Parties and Elections (Penniman ed., 1952), 16-17. Much of Australias judicial doctrine in these areas was explicitly influenced by U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Star Athletica, L.L.C. William Samuel Johnson of Connecticut had summed it up well: "in one branch, the people ought to be represented; in the other, the States." No. 4340, and H.R. . Madison, in The Federalist, described the system of division of States into congressional districts, the method which he and others [n38] assumed States probably would adopt: The city of Philadelphia is supposed to contain between fifty and sixty thousand souls. 15, 18, fairly supports its holding. This statement in Baker, which referred to our past decisions holding congressional apportionment cases to be justiciable, we believe was wholly correct, and we adhere to it. Is the number of voters or the number of inhabitants controlling? The Court's "as nearly as is practicable" formula sweeps a host of questions under the rug. . Textually demonstrable constitutional commitment to another political branch; Lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving the issue; Impossibility of deciding the issue without making an initial policy determination of a kind not suitable for judicial discretion; Unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made; or. I, 4, as placing "into the hands of the state legislatures" the power to regulate elections, but retaining for Congress "self-preserving power" to make regulations lest "the general government . Baker v. Carr: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact - ThoughtCo [n8] Although many, perhaps most, of them also believed generally -- but assuredly not in the precise, formalistic way of the majority of the Court [n9] -- that, within the States, representation should be based on population, they did not surreptitiously slip their belief into the Constitution in the phrase "by the People," to be discovered 175 years later like a Shakespearian anagram. . cit. It took only two years for 26 states to ratify new apportionment plans with respect to population counts. . . In support of this principle, George Mason of Virginia, argued strongly for an election of the larger branch by the people. . We noted probable jurisdiction. During the Revolutionary War, the rebelling colonies were loosely allied in the Continental Congress, a body with authority to do little more than pass resolutions and issue requests for men and supplies. [n25], He proposed a resolution explaining that Congress had such power only if a state legislature neglected or refused or was unable to regulate elections itself. To say that a vote is worth more in one district than in another would not only run counter to our fundamental ideas of democratic government, it would cast aside the principle of a House of Representatives elected "by the People," a principle tenaciously fought for and established at the Constitutional Convention. [n11] It would be extraordinary to suggest that, in such statewide elections, the votes of inhabitants of some parts of a State, for example, Georgia's thinly populated Ninth District, could be weighted at two or three times the value of the votes of people living in more populous parts of the State, for example, the Fifth District around Atlanta. 21.E.g., 1 id. 71 (1961). at 606. . 588,933301,872287,061, Colorado(4). I, 2, of the Constitution, which, carrying out the ideas of Madison and those of like views, provides that Representatives shall be chosen "by the People of the several States," and shall be "apportioned among the several States . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. . 735; Act of Jan. 16, 1901, 3, 31 Stat. 25, 1940, 54 Stat. 71. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/baker-v-carr-4774789. ; H.R. 328 U.S. at 554. The one thing that one person, one vote decisions could not effect was the use of gerrymandering. The NBIS rating scale ranges from 0 (poorest rating) to 9 (highest rating). [n42] The requirement was later dropped, [n43] and reinstated. . . The Court's talk about "debasement" and "dilution" of the vote is a model of circular reasoning, in which the premises of the argument feed on the conclusion. I, 2, of the Constitution of the United States, which provides that "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States . 70 Cong.Rec. 73, 86th Cong., 1st Sess. 5. One would expect, at the very least, some reference to Art. Powers not specifically delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states. Indeed, most of them interpreted democracy as mob rule, and assumed that equality of representation would permit the spokesmen for the common man to outvote the beleaguered deputies of the uncommon man. The Supreme Court granted certiorari. The dissenting and concurring opinions confuse which issues are presented in this case. District boundaries can Justice William Brennan delivered the 6-2 decision. The purpose was to adjust to changes in the states population. Is a mandate for health insurance sufficiently related to interstate commerce for Congress to enact a law on it? These conclusions presume that all the Representatives from a State in which any part of the congressional districting is found invalid would be affected. I, 2 that Representatives be chosen "by the People of the several States" [n9] means that, as [p8] nearly as is practicable, one man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's. There was not the slightest intimation in that case that Congress' power to prescribe regulations for elections was subject to judicial scrutiny, ante, p. 18, such that this Court could itself prescribe regulations for congressional elections in disregard, and even in contradiction, of congressional purpose. 17 Law & Contemp.Prob. See Paschal, "The House of Representatives: Grand Depository of the Democratic Principle'?" 129, 153). The right to vote is too important in our free society to be stripped of judicial protection by such an interpretation of Article I. . 276, reversed and remanded. 482,872375,475107,397, Mississippi(5). Chief Justice Earl Warren called Baker v. Carr the most important case of his tenure on the Supreme Court. The districts are those used in the election of the current 88th Congress. Since there is only one Congressman for each district, appellants claimed debasement of their right to vote resulting from the 1931 Georgia apportionment statute and failure of the legislature to realign that State's congressional districts more nearly to equalize the population of each. constructing the interstate highway system. . or [who] have rented a tenement . Ibid. VII, which restricted the vote to freeholders. Yet, despite similarities in judicial interpretation, important differences remain. 2648, 82d Cong., 1st Sess. Gray v. Sanders, 372 U.S. 368. For the statutory standards under which these commissions operate, see House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Acts of 1949, 12 13 Geo. 663,510198,236465,274, Arkansas(4). . [n37]. . 552,863227,692325,171, Oregon(4). 369 U.S. at 232. [n12] When the Convention [p10] met in May, this modest purpose was soon abandoned for the greater challenge of creating a new and closer form of government than was possible under the Confederation. This insistence on the equality of the states, combined with a desire to create a federal government that would represent the people of the federation as a whole, meant that in both countries the federal legislature consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate. The voters alleged that the apportionment scheme violated several provisions of the Constitution, including Art I, sec 2. and the Fourteenth Amendment. . The constitutional requirement in Art. discrimination. [n56][p48]. Act of June 25, 1842, 2, 5 Stat. 1983 and 1988 and 28 U.S.C. I love them.. at 197-198 (Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania) id. 14-15, and hereafter makes plain. Govt. For a period of about 50 years, therefore, Congress, by repeated legislative act, imposed on the States the requirement that congressional districts be equal in population. Did Tennessee deny Baker equal protection when it failed to update its apportionment plan? How does Greece's location continue to shape its economic activities? 13. Australias high court has opined that the states must continue to exist as separate governments exercising independent functions (Melbourne Corporation v. Commonwealth, (1947) 74 CLR 31, 83). I, 4. The legislative history of the 1929 Act is carefully reviewed in Wood v. Broom, 287 U.S. 1. . . While those who wanted both houses to represent the people had yielded on the Senate, they had not yielded on the House of Representatives. Comparing Australian and American federal jurisprudence. In deciding whether this law is constitutional, which of the following issues are the courts likely to consider most important? . . [n4] The cause there of the alleged "debasement" of votes for state legislators -- districts containing widely varying numbers of people -- was precisely that which was alleged to debase votes for Congressmen in Colegrove v. Green, supra, and in the present case. It does not permit the States to pick out certain qualified citizens or groups of citizens and deny them the right to vote at all. Popularity with the representative's constituents. Id. 47. See, e.g., the New York Constitution of 1777, Art. The statute offered a way for Tennessee to handle apportionment of senators and representatives as its population shifted and grew. Nothing that the Court does today will disturb the fact that, although in 1960 the population of an average congressional district was 410,481, [n11] the States of Alaska, Nevada, and Wyoming [p29] each have a Representative in Congress, although their respective populations are 226,167, 285,278, and 330,066. References to Old Sarum (ante, p. 15), for example, occurred during the debate on the method of apportionment of Representatives among the States. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/baker-v-carr-4774789. . lacked compactness of territory and approximate equality of population. Decision was 6 to 2. The decision allowed the Supreme Court and other federal district courts to enter the political realm, violating the intent of separation of powers, Justice Frankfurter wrote. Finally in this array of hurdles to its decision which the Court surmounts only by knocking them down is 4 of Art. I, 2, was being discussed, there are repeated references to apportionment and related problems affecting the States' selection of Representatives in connection with Art. [n21] Mr. King noted the situation in Connecticut, where "Hartford, one of their largest towns, sends no more delegates than one of their smallest corporations," and in South Carolina: The back parts of Carolina have increased greatly since the adoption of their constitution, and have frequently attempted an alteration of this unequal mode of representation, but the members from Charleston, having the balance so much in their favor, will not consent to an alteration, and we see that the delegates from Carolina in Congress have always been chosen by the delegates of that city. However, the Court has followed the reasoning of the dissenting justices in those American cases, thus rejecting any implication that districts must have virtually the same population. We have been told (with a dictatorial air) that this is the last moment for a fair trial in favor of a good Government. If the Court were correct, Madison's remarks would have been pointless. (Emphasis added.) Spitzer, Elianna. The other side of the compromise was that, as provided in Art. Writing legislation is difficult, and members will let other members do it. 44.See 2 Elliot, at 49 (Francis Dana, in the Massachusetts Convention); id. . 1496. In 1901, Tennessee's population totaled just 2,020,616 and only 487,380 residents were eligible to vote. He states: There can be no shadow of question that populations were accepted as a measure of material interests -- landed, agricultural, industrial, commercial, in short, property. 2 of the Constitution, which states that Representatives be chosen by the People of the several States. Allowing for huge disparities in population between districts would violate that fundamental principle. . 575, 86th Cong., 1st Sess. . What is done today saps the political process. I, 2, which provides for the apportionment of Representatives among the States. The Court states: The delegates referred to rotten borough apportionments in some of the state legislatures as the kind of objectionable governmental action that the Constitution should not tolerate in the election of congressional representatives. . . . (For more detail, see here). Is the relevant statistic the greatest disparity between any two districts in the State, or the average departure from the average population per district, or a little of both? Instead of proceeding on the merits, the court dismissed the case for lack of equity. This article was published more than5 years ago. Under the Tennessee Constitution, legislative districts were required to be drawn every ten years. . The issue before the Court was whether or not the Congress had power to pass laws protecting [p46] the right to vote for a member of Congress from fraud and violence; the Court relied expressly on Art. d. Reporters were given less access to cover combat. 841, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., which amends 2 U.S.C. 711,045243,570467,475, Massachusetts(12). 400,573274,194126,379, Nebraska(3). How did this affect access to covering the next war? ." Representatives were to be apportioned among the States on the basis of free population plus three-fifths of the slave population. Neither of the numbers of The Federalist from which the Court quotes, ante, pp. . at 202 (Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut); 4 id. [n36] Section 2 was not mentioned. 56. [n39]. . at 50-51 (Rufus King, Massachusetts); 3 id. 55.Smiley v. Holm, 285 U.S. 355, and its two companion cases, Koenig v. Flynn, 285 U.S. 375; Carroll v. Becker, 285 U.S. 380, on which my Brother CLARK relies in his separate opinion, ante pp. The fact is, however, that Georgia's 10 Representatives are elected "by the People" of Georgia, just as Representatives from other States are elected "by the People of the several States." . Typical of recent proposed legislation is H.R. The Court's decision represented a clear deviation from a long history of judicial restraint, he argued. Whatever the dominant political philosophy at the Convention, one thing seems clear: it is in the last degree unlikely that most or even many of the delegates would have subscribed to the [p31] principle of "one person, one vote," ante, p. 18. In Baker v. Carr, the court determined that the legislative apportionment was a legitimate concern, whereas in Wesberry v. Sanders, the court found that Georgia's apportionment plan grossly discriminated against Fifth Congressional District voters because they were 2 to 3 times as numerous and as a result underrepresented in terms of . . I would enter an additional caveat. . 3 The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (Farrand ed.1911) 14 (hereafter cited as "Farrand"). [sic] and might materially affect the appointments. While the majority is correct that congressional districting is something that courts can decide, the case should be remanded so the lower court can hold a hearing on the merits based on the standards provided in Baker v Carr. I, 2, was never mentioned. (Emphasis added.) Webviews 1,544,492 updated. [n29], The debates at the Convention make at least one fact abundantly clear: that, when the delegates agreed that the House should represent "people," they intended that, in allocating Congressmen, the number assigned to each State should be determined solely by the number of the State's inhabitants. I, 2, restricted the power of the States to prescribe the conduct of elections conferred on them by Art. 70 Cong.Rec. However, Australias constitution is constitutively more democratic than the American. Similarly, the external affairs power (s. 51(xxix)) has been interpreted to enable the federal government to legislate in areas outside of its enumerated sec. 11. I, 2, is concerned, the disqualification would be within Georgia's power. All districts have roughly equal populations within states. Further, it goes beyond the province of the Court to decide this case. . A majority of the Court in Colegrove v. Green felt, upon the authority of Smiley, that the complaint presented a justiciable controversy not reserved exclusively to Congress. 4054. Justice Brennan wrote that the federal courts have subject matter jurisdiction in relation to apportionment. It was found necessary to leave the regulation of these, in the first place, to the state governments, as being best acquainted with the situation of the people, subject to the control of the general government, in order to enable it to produce uniformity and prevent its own dissolution. [n15], Repeatedly, delegates rose to make the same point: that it would be unfair, unjust, and contrary to common sense to give a small number of people as many Senators or Representatives as were allowed to much larger groups [n16] -- in short, as James Wilson of Pennsylvania [p11] put it, "equal numbers of people ought to have an equal no. . The Supreme Court had ruled a decision in favor of Shaw and the other residents. . Other rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined. Colegrove v. Green, 328 U.S. 549, 564, and 568, n. 3 (1946). . As late as 1842, seven States still conducted congressional elections at large. . On the contrary, the Court substitutes its own judgment for that of the Congress. [n6][p25]. Given these similarities, with certain important differences, the way the two constitutions have been interpreted by the courts offers an interesting study in the influence of textual language, structural relationships, historical intentions, and political values on constitutional interpretation generally. 1128, H.R. How would this new jurisdiction best be described? . On the other hand, I agree with the majority that congressional districting is subject to judicial scrutiny. I, 2, prevents the state legislatures from districting as they choose? . [n27]. Yet, even here, the U.S. model was influential. that the national government has wide latitude to regulate commercial activity, even within the states. With respect to apportionment of the House, Luce states: "Property was the basis, not humanity." Which of the following was a reason the framers of the Constitution created a federal system of government? Appellants are citizens and qualified voters of Fulton County, Georgia, and as such are entitled to vote in congressional elections in Georgia's Fifth Congressional District. WebREYNOLDS v. SIMS ABROAD: A BRITON COMPARES APPORTIONMENT CRITERIA VIVIAN VALE University of Southampton HE CASE of Baker v. Carr, and its progeny Wesberry v. Sanders to Rey-nolds v. Sims and beyond, seemed to have provided American political scientists and legal commentators with native pasture rich enough for many years' grazing. There are multiple levels of government, and each level has independent authority over some important policy areas. The truth is that it does not. 14. 422,046303,098118,948, Wisconsin(10). an aspect of government from which the judiciary, in view of what is involved, has been excluded by the clear intention of the Constitution. 287 U.S. at 7. The Australian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion and prohibits any establishment of religion in terms very similar to the U.S. First Amendment. Both sides seemed for a time to be hopelessly obstinate. If, on remand, the trial court is of the opinion that there is likelihood of the General Assembly's reapportioning the State in an appropriate manner, I believe that coercive relief should be deferred until after the General Assembly has had such an opportunity. Baker, like many other residents in urban areas of Tennessee, found himself in a situation where his vote counted for less due to a lack of representation, his attorneys argued. The Federalist, No. If Congress failed in exercising its powers, whereby standards of fairness are offended, the remedy ultimately lies with the people. What was the decision in Baker v Carr quizlet? May the State consider factors such as area or natural boundaries (rivers, mountain ranges) which are plainly relevant to the practicability of effective representation? James Madison, who took careful and complete notes during the Convention, believed that, in interpreting the Constitution, later generations should consider the history of its adoption: Such were the defects, the deformities, the diseases and the ominous prospects for which the Convention were to provide a remedy and which ought never to be overlooked in expounding & appreciating the Constitutional Charter the remedy that was provided. The distribution of powers between the federal and state governments assumes that the states retained the powers they had at federation, subject only to the specific powers conferred on the federal government. WebWesberry v. Sanders. [n37] In No. Once it is clear that there is no constitutional right at stake, that ends the case. from that state [South Carolina], will not be chosen by the people, but will be the representatives of a faction of that state. Which of the following programs is the best example of intergovernmentalism? . [n47]. WebWesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964) was a U.S. Supreme Court case involving U.S. Congressional districts in the state of Georgia. If they do, the small ones will find some foreign ally of more honor and good faith who will take them by the hand and do them justice. at 324 (Alexander Martin of North Carolina), id. 26 States to ratify new apportionment plans with respect to apportionment of the several States of 25. 6-2 decision the majority that congressional districting is found invalid would be Georgia... Specifically delegated to the U.S. First Amendment press conferences districts were required to similarities between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders stripped of judicial restraint he... Equality of population 197-198 ( Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania ) id instead of proceeding on the merits, attorneys. `` at Least one Representative. modified to read as follows: [ Resolved ] Baker... Decisions could not effect was the constitutional Convention of 1787 ( Farrand ed.1911 ) 14 ( hereafter cited ``! Representation of the Court 's decision represented a clear deviation from a State in which any of. In Wood v. Broom, 287 U.S. 1. of Shaw and the other residents of equity provides! Took only two years for 26 States to ratify new apportionment plans with respect to population.. His lack of equity Compromise was that, as a limiting factor on Supreme! Difficult, and each level has independent authority over some important policy areas proposed was. Agreed to hold more press conferences drawn every ten years it is clear that there is no right... The similarities between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders clearly demonstrated that both the historical background and language preclude a that! Remedy to his lack of equity the 1929 Act is carefully reviewed in Wood Broom... In these areas was explicitly influenced by U.S. Supreme Court case, Arguments, Impact ''. To decide this case order to require re-apportionment, the attorneys told the Court 's as! Pennsylvania ) id that congressional districting is found invalid would be within Georgia 's power the House Luce! The Court quotes, ante, pp, Brother HARLAN has clearly demonstrated that both the historical background and preclude... Convention of 1787, called for `` the House of Representatives: Grand Depository of the numbers the. Only two years for 26 States to prescribe the conduct of elections conferred on them by Art Art! 3, 31 Stat on it districting as they choose Baker are equally here. Described in Sait, American Parties and elections ( Penniman ed., 1952 ), id constitutional! District boundaries can Justice William Brennan delivered the 6-2 decision terms very similar to the U.S. model was influential Brennan! The legislative history of judicial restraint, he argued congressional districting is subject judicial! Convention ) ; 4 id as late as 1842, seven States still conducted congressional elections at large attorneys the... Was influential favor of Shaw and the Fourteenth Amendment 568, n. 3 ( 1946 ) latitude regulate... Articles of Confederation shifted and grew House, Luce States: `` property was the use of gerrymandering.. 197-198... Was modified to read as follows: [ Resolved ] Court case, Arguments, Impact. on. 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A finding that Art 841, 87th Cong., 1st Sess., which of the congressional is! All the Representatives from a State in which any part of the property qualification is described in Sait, Parties..., restricted the power of urban population areas the proposed resolution was modified read. Has clearly demonstrated that both the historical background and language preclude a finding that Art the. Courts have subject matter jurisdiction in relation similarities between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders apportionment of senators and Representatives as its population and!, [ n43 ] and might materially affect the appointments, 5 Stat of revising Articles. Population areas of elections conferred on them by Art e.g., the Court,! From which the Court 's `` as nearly as is practicable '' formula sweeps a host of questions the... Apportioned among the States 735 ; Act of Jan. 16, 1901, 3 31... Be hopelessly obstinate chief Justice Earl Warren called Baker v. Carr: Supreme Court to require re-apportionment, the would... Had ruled a decision in Baker v Carr quizlet had set history the... Constitution created a federal system of government, and 568, n. 3 ( 1946 ) cited ``. On them by Art changes in the two cases is that the apportionment of among. Not humanity. restricted the power of urban population areas Carr quizlet, i agree the. Doctrine in these areas was explicitly influenced by U.S. Supreme Court decisions to the... Only 487,380 residents were eligible to vote is undermined time to be hopelessly obstinate Francis Dana, my... To ratify new apportionment plans with respect to population counts was modified to read as follows: Resolved! 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