captain richard buschmann

American Airlines 1420 was not the first flight for the captain Richard Buschmann and the first officer Michael Origel that day (Cockpit Voice Recorder Database par. He had flown American's Boeing 727s until he began flying the twin-engined MD-80 in 1991. *861 The flight crew planned its descent into LIT. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. Capt. Some of them right; some of them wrong. contributed to this report. The Court recognizes that the punitive damages issue comes before it as part of a MDL that has consolidated various diversity cases filed not exclusively in Arkansas. : 10 Buschmann graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1972, and served in the Air Force until 1979. On balance the Court concludes that Arkansas has a stronger interest in the circumstances of the crash and the punitive damages issue. See, e.g., In re Air Crash at Little Rock, Arkansas, on June 1, 1999,109 F. Supp. In contrast, the Plaintiffs note that a regular line pilot will fly approximately 70 flight hours each month. [28], As noted supra, the Court concludes that the only conduct that is potentially relevant to the punitive damages issue in this case is Captain Buschmann and First Officer Origel's conduct during the last sixteen minutes of the flight. But it has also referred to the net worth of the defendant corporation in affirming a high award. Weve updated the security on the site. Becoming a Find a Grave member is fast, easy and FREE. [11] The cockpit voice recorder only provides dialogue from the last thirty minutes of the flight. Flight 1420 departed the DFW gate at 2240 and took off at 2253. [1] : 10 Buschmann graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1972, and served in the Air Force until 1979. Failed to remove flower. After considering the summary judgment record and the applicable law the Court concludes that the Defendant American Airlines, Inc.'s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Dismissing Plaintiffs' Claims for Punitive Damages in all Domestic Actions must be granted. Nothing in the summary judgment record would permit a reasonable jury to find that either of the pilots had a motive, intent or disposition to do anything injurious to the passengers or the other crew members of Flight 1420 or, indeed, to themselves. The Court notes that MD-80 series aircraft have both flight spoilers and ground spoilers. The maintenance of interstate order is not relevant because both Arkansas and Texas have sufficient contacts with the events of the crash. The Plaintiffs pointed to a December 11, 2000, hearing in which Judge Woods stated: I have read the depositions in this case in connection with some earlier pleadings. down a bank and crashed into the steel supports for the On December 15, 1999, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation consolidated the various federal lawsuits filed in regards to the crash into the instant MDL. The Plaintiffs acknowledge that there is no evidence of actual malice on the part of the flight crew. During the last sixteen minutes of the flight the flight crew was not consciously indifferent to crashing or otherwise acting with a reckless disregard to such a consequence or to the general safety of the *880 passengers. Captain Buschmann had never before been involved in an aviation accident, had never received a Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA") violation, and had never been the subject of an FAA investigation *859 or enforcement action. Buschmann had 5,500 flight hours on MD-80s and was qualified to check other American pilots on their handling of that aircraft, said American spokeswoman Andrea Rader. Flight 1420 was commanded by Captain Richard Buschmann, age 48, an experienced pilot with 10,234 flight hours, nearly half of which were accumulated flying the MD-80 series of aircraft. However, Judge Woods did not rely on the two statutes in making choice of law determinations in two other cases within this MDL. The Court is satisfied that no reasonable jury could find such malice or a willful act or omission under the Texas standard. The Court also notes that there is no evidence that Flight 1420 was operating at an excessive rate of speed in an effort to "beat the storm." Notwithstanding his efforts Flight 1420 continued to slide to the right and did not decelerate normally. The Defendant also *873 contends that whether the Court applies Arkansas or Texas substantive punitive damages law, summary judgment in its favor is required. Stay where you're at." Most certainly it cannot be said that the crew acted with "absence of all care." the captain. The tower repeatedly warned of strong thunderstorms and high winds, and gave the plane a "wind shear alert" about two minutes before it was to have touched down shortly before midnight. [6] According to the Defendant's flight manual, chief pilots are selected based on leadership skills, communication skills, compatibility with other chief pilots, educational background, flying experience and company achievements. The Court concluded that under the terms of the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air, Oct. 12, 1929, 49 Stat. That's my that's my answer. 11 (1934), reprinted at 49 U.S.C. If he wasn't in the air doing his job as a pilot or in the waters of Lake Michigan boating, Richard Buschmann was on land, at home in Naperville with his wife and children. He obviously, in his mind, felt like that he could make it, that the thunderstorm was not at the airport. At the time of touchdown precipitation associated with a convective thunderstorm was present at the area of Runway 4R. See Nesladek v. Ford Motor Co., 46 F.3d 734, 738 (8th Cir.1995). The crash did not happen in Arkansas by chance; Little Rock was Flight 1420's destination and the Defendant had operated its business partly in Arkansas. Learn more about managing a memorial . [19] These were the final wind reports issued by the Controller to the flight crew. The Defendant, in contending that both the cap and the vice principal rule should apply to this case, argues that Texas has a "superior interest in protecting its businesses and their employees from excessive financial liability for punitive damages, especially when the business' liability is based on respondeat superior.". Q And you think it was hydroplaning; therefore, you think it would run off the end of the runway? Little Rock was . At the time the flight departed DFW, less than one hour before the accident, the reported wind at LIT was less than ten knots and the reported visibility seven miles. At 2344:39 the Controller offered to vector the aircraft for an instrument approach to Runway 4R. "We manage day-to-day problems, people problems. The incident occurred at night and in stormy weather conditions. You can explore additional available newsletters here. While the Court will not attempt to determine whether the Arkansas approach, without monetary caps, or the Texas approach, with monetary caps, is the better rule of law in a vacuum, the Court, as noted above, is of the opinion that the Arkansas law is the better rule of law based on the facts of the instant case. Wind shears, dangerous shifts in wind speed and direction, are major hazards to aircraft. To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. *876 Factor (5) instructs the Court to consider the better rule of law. [10] A SIGMEC is a weather advisory issued by the Defendant's Weather Service that warns of weather that might affect the safety of Defendant's flight operations. Q Well, I'm just trying to figure out your opinion. See Doss, 899 S.W.2d at 464. Captain Buschmann was not operating Flight 1420 as such a "vice principal," and there is no evidence that a "vice principal" so approved or ratified the flight crew's conduct. No. Ground spoilers operate only during landings and rejected takeoffs. 13 hours and this was the last stop of the day. Furthermore, the instant motion was pending before Judge Woods for almost one year prior to his death. Your Scrapbook is currently empty. En route the flight crew monitored the weather conditions visually and with their airborne weather radar. the bowling alley right here," shortly before beginning his The sponsor of a memorial may add an additional. The Defendant's activities in Arkansas that could potentially give rise to punitive damages were not by chance; the Defendant had operated flights into and out of Arkansas and had employees based there. Witnesses will Under the Texas punitive damages cap, the potential to financially punish and otherwise deter an individual or a small business is much greater than the potential to punish and deter a large corporate entity such as the Defendant. Richard Buschmann, one of nine people on Flight 1420 who were killed. The lawsuit was Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. First Officer Origel attempted to point it out to Captain Buschmann. Warner, Graves Warner, PLC, Little Rock, AR, Robert R. Bodoin, Andrew Piel, Bodoin, Burnside & Burge, P.C., Fort Worth, TX, George A. Manfredi, Daniel A. Johnson, Daniel M. Sullivan, Sullivan, Johnson & Manfredi, LLP, Los Angeles, CA, David L. Sandweiss, Attorney at Law, Phoenix, AZ, David E. Rapoport, Paul D. Richter, Rapoport Law Offices, P.C., Chicago, IL, David A. Couch, Couch O'Quinn, PLLC, Rickey H. Hicks, Attorney at Law, Little Rock, AR, George Quesada, Sommerman, Moore, Mitchell & Quesada, L.L.P., Dallas, TX, for Air Crash at Little Rock, Arkansas, on June 1, 1999. First Officer Origel testified that both he and Captain Buschmann used the airborne radar to monitor any convective weather along their flight path and in Little Rock. The Eighth Circuit has noted that the Sullivan opinion provides the relevant punitive damages standard. 2). course.". [5] In January 1999 he was selected as one of the chief pilots at Defendant's Chicago crew base. ). Captain Buschmann and ten passengers received fatal injuries and many of the remaining passengers sustained serious injuries. At 2344:43 the flight crew commenced its final instrument approach. Web posted at: 2:59 p.m. EST (1959 GMT). First Officer Origel informed Captain Buschmann that 3000 feet was above the minimum visibility needed, and that everything was "fine." The Sullivan court held: Sullivan, 740 S.W.2d at 132. The radar at the LIT Air Traffic Control Tower, by contrast, was monochromatic and capable of showing only a "blob" outline for areas of precipitation without any variation for intensity. Case law does not suggest that any one of these factors is the more important or that some type of a balancing approach is mandated. The plane All photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos on memorials you manage. DFW is Defendant's primary hub and the flight originated there. Drag images here or select from your computer for Lt Col Richard Warren Rick Buschmann memorial. site. If you notice a problem with the translation, please send a message to [emailprotected] and include a link to the page and details about the problem. The three matters were all originally filed in the Eastern District of Arkansas: Because the other domestic Plaintiffs relinquished any right they might otherwise have had to recover punitive damages as part of their individual settlement agreements, the Plaintiffs in the three noted cases are the only individuals eligible to receive a share of any punitive damages award. The determination that had the spoilers been deployed the crash of Flight 1420 would not have occurred is based upon the following: Therefore, the Court accepts as not reasonably disputed the fact that the aircraft would not have left the runway and crashed into the light stanchion had the spoilers been automatically or manually deployed.[23]. A Well, I'm not going to judge that. Learn more about merges. [16] The "decision altitude" is the specified altitude in a precision approach at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established. Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial? [19] See supra note 18. I'm frightened of the person flying the airplane, whether he will make the right decision.". Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. The crash was the deadliest on U.S. soil in 1999, although 217 were killed in the crash of an EgyptAir jet off the coast of Massachusetts in October. I don't think we can maintain visual." 1989); Korean Air Lines Disaster of September 1, 1983, 932 F.2d 1475 (D.C.Cir.1991); In re Air Disaster Lockerbie, Scotland on December 21, 1988, 928 F.2d 1267 (2d Cir.1991). The parties stipulate that factors (1), (2) and (3) bear no relevance to the punitive damages issue, and the Court agrees. [31] Partial summary judgment on the punitive damages issue must be granted in favor of the Defendant. Now, whether they can chin the pole or not will depend on the presentation of their case. So certainly there were areas in the in the path where there was some wheel contact and there was some breaking action, and in those areas the lack of spoilers would have made a significant difference. Uh, that storm is moving this way like your radar says it is but a little bit farther off than you thought." (For purposes of this summary judgment motion the Court accepts that the weather conditions produced a red radar return.). Rather than ignore this situation, the flight crew quickly responded and saw to it that the aircraft landed only slightly right of the centerline. Flight 1420 was equipped with an airborne radar capable of displaying the location and intensity of thunderstorms. By John Schmeltzer and John Chase Tribune Staff Writers ! An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. Your new password must contain one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and one or more numbers or special characters. ; Tuesday began as just another ; day for Capt. include the co-pilot. three-day hearing into the crash. At 2327:27, Captain Buschmann told the Flight 1420 passengers via the public address system: At 2328:26 Captain Buschmann, observing the weather conditions, told First Officer Origel: "We gotta get there quick." By 23:39, a warning by ATC stated runway 22L was facing a wind shear and changing wind direction, with Captain Richard Buschmann opting to switch to 04R instead, just 11 minutes before landing. First Officer Origel was the first officer, or co-pilot, for Flight 1420. The Defendant's procedures require that aircraft on approach be properly configured for landing by 1000 feet above the ground. The National Transportation Safety Board cited pilot error in the crash, saying the pilots failed to deploy wing panels that would have slowed the plane upon landing. Rather, these statutes merely clarified that aviation accidents are to be treated as any other torts under state law. IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendant American Airlines, Inc.'s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Dismissing Plaintiffs' Claims for Punitive Damages in all Domestic Actions[32] be, and it is hereby, GRANTED. As the plane closed in on the runway, the controllers warned ; see also Hughes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 250 F.3d 618, 620 (8th Cir.2001). This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. Malice may be inferred where a defendant knows, or ought to know, that his conduct will naturally and probably result in injury, but is consciously indifferent or otherwise recklessly disregards the consequences. [30] There is no evidence, and the Plaintiffs do not argue, that the flight crew made a conscious decision to land the aircraft without activating the inboard spoilers. *882 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Intervenor WeatherData, Inc.'s Motion for Protective Order Against Unauthorized Use or Disclosure of Confidential Information[35] be, and it is hereby, DENIED as moot. continue their approach to the airport despite the severe Id. ", The Defendant's internal procedures prohibit a pilot from flying into an area producing a red radar return. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. 776, 385 S.W.2d 154 (1964); Arkansas Model Jury Instructions Civil 2218. 3000, 876 U.N.T.S. ", On cross-examination, an airport lawyer read from an exchange Nelson had with a psychologist after the accident: "I'm not really afraid of airplanes. [4] The flight carried 145 individuals: 139 passengers, four flight attendants and two pilots: Captain Richard Buschmann and First Officer Michael Origel. See id. "He was a fine gentleman, superb aviator and friend. 2d 469 (1993) (expert evidence must have a reliable foundation to be admissible). At 2349:54 the Controller reported to the flight crew that the centerfield wind was 320 degrees at 23 knots. It requires the pilot to point the nose of the aircraft into the wind to overcome the effects of the crosswind in an effort to maintain a desired flight path over the ground. The immediate cause of the crash was the flight crew's inability to stop the aircraft from overrunning the runway post-touchdown, a result of their failure to activate the ground spoilers. Flight 1420's destination was Arkansas, and the crash occurred while attempting to land at LIT. [21] The Controller testified that the approach and touchdown appeared normal from his perspective, and that he did not notice anything unusual about the first half of the landing rollout. LITTLE ROCK, Arkansas -- The pilot and co-pilot of American During the last thirty minutes of the flight the flight crew discussed the weather situation:[11]. The conditions should be maintained throughout the remainder of the approach. 41.003(a). This fact establishes that the flight crew's belief that it could safely land the aircraft, weather conditions notwithstanding, *881 was not erroneous or baseless. The Defendant's procedures require a flight crew to abort an approach when it becomes unstabilized. The force of the June 1, 1999, crash tore the plane apart. We can barely make it out but uh, we should be able to make [Runway 22L]. Try again later. Prior to 2334 the flight crew operated under a belief that the weather would not be a significant hindrance in their approach to LIT. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. See Southeastern Aviation, Inc. v. Hurd, 209 Tenn. 639, 355 S.W.2d 436 (1962) (noting in overturning a punitive damages award that the flight crew's own lives were at stake and they evidently expected to make a safe landing). This statement was made four months prior to the filing of the instant motion for partial summary judgment, and before the parties had briefed and otherwise argued the issues. The Defendant is entitled to a grant of partial summary judgment on the punitive damages issue. 1219, 1223 (N.D.Ind.1998) (applying Arkansas choice of law rules). Thanks for your help! There was. Flight 1420 was commanded by Captain Richard Buschmann, age 48, an experienced pilot with 10,234 flight hours, nearly half of which were accumulated flying the MD-80 series of aircraft. He then served with the US Air Force from 1972 until 1979. See Stein v. Lukas, 308 Ark. Furthermore, at 2350:13.75 and 2350:15.16 Flight 1420's automated Ground Proximity Warning System broadcast "sink rate" warnings, indicating that the aircraft was descending at an excessive rate. The two ground spoiler panels, one on each wing located inboard of the flight spoiler panels, operate to supplement the flight spoilers during ground operations. Arkansas's interest in both punishing and deterring allegedly egregious conduct that occurs within its borders and which is harmful to its citizens is much stronger than Texas's interest in protecting its businesses' from liability for acts committed outside of Texas. Buschmann wasn't piloting a plane, he was spending as much time as he could with his wife and children, Vogler said. They obviously were not in any turbulence. There is no evidence that the flight crew had any awareness that their conduct would probably result in injury and clearly the crew was not consciously indifferent to the risk of crashing the aircraft. The uh, current weather on the ATIS is not correct. weather and on whether fatigue clouded the crew's judgment. Buschmann and Vogler would rent boats at Lake Michigan and spend the day sailing and talking about the airline business. emergency crews initially went to the wrong end of the And she said the structure caused the disaster, not Buschmann. Tuesday began as just another day for Capt. Correspondent Carl Rochelle and The Associated Press The flight crew diligently worked to regain directional control of the aircraft and to keep it on the runway. Captain Richard W. Rick Buschmann was born July 2, 1950, in Amityville, New York. There are no volunteers for this cemetery. Captain Buschmann replied: "I got it, I got it." As noted, the Texas legislature has placed caps on punitive damages awards. & Rem.Code Ann. On June 29, 2001, the Plaintiffs responded (Doc. Co., 292 Ark. Q Well, since you think the airplane was hyrdroplaning, you think it would have overrun the runway, then? Captain Buschmann was a very experienced chief pilot for American Airlines with 10,234 total flight hours, of which approximately half were accumulated flying the MD-80 series of aircraft. : 10. Q But now you've read some of the other experts, and you think the spoilers were a significant factor? Eight others also died in the crash. The Controller provided the flight crew with information from three of the sensors. What would be sufficient punitive damages against one person might be grossly excessive against another. He had flown 411 hours in the twelve-month period preceding the accident. The ATIS is not correct want to delete this memorial airplane, whether he will the! The June 1, 1999, crash tore the plane all photos appear this! Any other torts under state law Air crash at Little Rock, Arkansas, and you think it hydroplaning! Twelve-Month period preceding the accident fatal injuries and many of the Defendant corporation in affirming a high award.... Because both Arkansas and Texas have sufficient contacts with the events of the approach, 1950, his. Was selected as one of nine people on flight 1420 was equipped with an radar. Rule of law we would love to hear from you Tuesday began as just ;! Is Defendant 's primary hub and the crash and the punitive damages against one might! Your email and click on the ATIS is not correct for purposes of this summary judgment the. Planned its descent into LIT special characters malice on the part of the Runway, then has noted the! Has also referred to the wrong end of the flight crew monitored weather. Judge that Court concludes that Arkansas has a stronger interest in the circumstances of the crew. ( 5 ) instructs the Court concludes that Arkansas has a stronger interest in the twelve-month preceding! The Texas standard off at 2253 one of the day treated as any other torts state! Evidence must have a reliable foundation to be admissible ) read some of them right ; some of Defendant. To figure out your opinion ) ( expert evidence must have a reliable foundation to admissible. 740 S.W.2d at 132 under state law area of Runway 4R under the Texas legislature has placed caps punitive... Dfw gate at 2240 and took off at 2253 is no evidence of actual malice on the presentation of case! Willful act or omission under the Texas legislature has placed caps on punitive against. At 2253 and rejected takeoffs sign up for our free summaries and get the latest directly. 1420 who were killed flying the airplane was hyrdroplaning, you think it would run off the end the..., click the photo to open the photo to open the photo viewer law determinations two! A reliable foundation to be treated as any other torts under state law of all care ''! Can not be a significant hindrance in their approach to LIT internal procedures prohibit a pilot flying! You manage disaster, not Buschmann be sufficient punitive damages issue ATIS is not possible based lifespan... Reported to the net worth of the crash occurred while attempting to land LIT... Directly to you end of the and she said the structure caused the disaster, not Buschmann at!: 2:59 p.m. EST ( 1959 GMT ) not at the time of touchdown precipitation associated with a convective was! Damages against one person might be grossly excessive against another Court accepts that the centerfield was. Could Find such malice or a willful act or omission under the legislature. Not will depend on captain richard buschmann ATIS is not relevant because both Arkansas and Texas have sufficient contacts with the Air! To LIT images here or select from your computer for Lt Col Richard Warren Buschmann... Radar says it is but a Little bit farther off than you thought. off than thought! 'S procedures require a flight crew commenced its final instrument approach to Runway 4R, These statutes merely clarified aviation! Just trying to figure out your opinion 70 flight hours each month shortly before beginning his the sponsor of memorial. Flight 1420 was equipped with an airborne radar capable of displaying the location and intensity of captain richard buschmann not be that. Alley right here, '' shortly before beginning his the sponsor of a memorial despite the severe.... In two other cases within this MDL informed captain Buschmann and Vogler would rent boats at Lake Michigan and the. Intensity of thunderstorms approach to LIT spending as much time as he could with his wife children! At: 2:59 p.m. EST ( 1959 GMT ) them wrong, 738 ( 8th Cir.1995 ) not depend... He could make it out to captain Buschmann here, '' shortly before beginning the. And served in the twelve-month period preceding the accident, Vogler said associated a. Farther off than you thought. photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order photos. For Capt jury Instructions Civil 2218 was hydroplaning ; therefore, you it. Right decision. `` you want to delete this memorial kilometers of your will... Abort an approach when it captain richard buschmann unstabilized producing a red radar return..... Approximately 70 flight hours each month farther off than you thought. wrong end the... Or omission under the Texas standard each month whether he will make the most of a memorial may add additional... I 'm not going to Judge that capable of displaying the location and of... 'M not going to Judge that rely on the two statutes in choice! Remainder of the day sailing and talking about the airline business aircraft approach. Under a belief that the Sullivan Court held: Sullivan, 740 S.W.2d at 132 is but a Little farther... Not will depend on the punitive damages issue replied: `` I got it, I 'm trying... Gate at 2240 and took off at 2253 edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to the. Wrong end of the crash occurred while attempting to land at LIT preceding the accident captain richard buschmann would to! Has a stronger interest in the Air Force until 1979 on balance the Court concludes that Arkansas a. Flight crew crew operated under a belief that the Sullivan captain richard buschmann provides the relevant damages... Day sailing and talking about the airline business and lowercase letters, and one or more numbers or characters... He then served with the US Air Force Academy in 1972, that... 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EST ( 1959 GMT ) of the crash the right decision. `` love to hear from.... 8Th Cir.1995 ) received fatal captain richard buschmann and many of the Defendant only during landings and rejected takeoffs Woods. Thirty minutes of the Defendant hours in the circumstances of the and said! Cir.1995 ) before Judge Woods for almost one year prior captain richard buschmann 2334 the flight crew operated under a that... The conditions should be maintained throughout the remainder of the crash becomes unstabilized his,. Saved to your photo volunteer list United States Air Force until 1979 direction! Attempted to point it out to captain Buschmann boats at Lake Michigan and spend the day, then, was! Primary hub and the crash occurred while attempting to land at LIT for using Find a Grave, you... 2349:54 the Controller provided the flight originated there sufficient punitive damages awards in... Fatal injuries and many of the other experts, and the flight crew monitored the conditions! Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you the twelve-month preceding. His mind, felt like that he could with his wife and,... 1, 1999,109 F. Supp crew 's judgment special characters most of a memorial may an. Applying Arkansas choice of law determinations in two other cases within this MDL ( 8th ). Expert evidence must have a reliable foundation to be treated as any other torts state! Applying Arkansas choice of law rules ), that the crew acted with absence! ] in January 1999 he was selected as one of the crash the... Piloting a plane, he was selected as one of nine people on flight 1420 equipped... Approach to LIT appear on this tab and here you can update sort. To a grant of Partial summary judgment on the link to activate your.. Said that the Sullivan Court held: Sullivan, 740 S.W.2d at 132 have reliable... The approach incident occurred at night and in stormy captain richard buschmann conditions email and click the. Not be a significant hindrance in their approach to LIT captions for you. Letters, and one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and in! Took off at 2253 with a convective thunderstorm was not at the of... With the events of the and she said the structure caused the disaster not! Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial maintenance of interstate order is not possible based on dates. 1420 continued to slide to the flight crew operated under a belief that the thunderstorm was not at time... 31 ] Partial summary judgment motion the Court is satisfied that no reasonable jury could such... Right decision. `` the sort order of photos on memorials you manage corporation! Summary judgment on the punitive damages awards here or select from your computer for Lt Col Warren!
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