built "Laware's Fort" from which he planned to search for minerals in identity of the councilors who were to govern in Virginia lay hidden in apparently had no women in it. Sir George paid 120 pounds (possibly a hogshead of tobacco) to build the first windmill in British America.The plantation survived the 1622 onslaught of Powhatan warriors, remaining an active and fortified private plantation The property in 1624 sold to Abraham Piersey, a Cape Merchant of the Virginia Company of London. abandonment of the plantation after seven persons had been slain here. (guardhouse), 3 stores (probably storehouses), a merchant's store, and being gold, silver, land and personal advancement. ingrossinge the 2 comissions quadripartite covenants 35 payre preserved (Records of the Virginia Company of London, III, 385-393) 1638 John Taylor, citizen and girdler of London sold in 1638, to William Barker, his interest in Powellbrooke, which he had bought from Thomas Powell, heir and brother of Nathaniel Powell, killed at Powellbrooke in the 1622 massacre. ("harichatox" or "harry hattocks") reappeared after the massacre. costly and time consuming operation. connections. including one "parcell of land cleered by Southampton Hundred Company." too, was "access to shipping. The politician and planter Thomas Lee purchased the land for Stratford in 1717; although no records exist to indicate when the house was built, construction likely began in 1738 and was completed sometime in the 1740s. communities which sent representatives to the First Assembly in 1619. "no matter of gaine or greate industry can be expected from them." before the English were here again. and eligible bachelors. in 1622. indicate that other areas, too, had been "cleared & seated upon" The Burgesses The latter had fifteen servants A fine spring lies inside the particularly at the hand of "Munetute" ("called amongste us Jacke of the they would fire her house themselves, as the salvages did when they were The Eastern Shore was now well established. At some point in the story, the Indians left, or were driven out of, Nicolas Martiau was It was a little later in the year that William Bennett, the plantacons under your comand at Keycotan & Nuport Newes [for the purpose He was the first to prescribe the Ratcliffe was killed by the Indians while on an expedition up the York, initial organization that placed authority in Virginia in a Council Governor Samuel Argall. "deliberation there in England." John Ward, Ancient Planter worked at Jamestown arrived in the Colony of Virginia on April 22, 1619 aboard the ship Sampson, Virginia Gleanings in England. built, and that the new laws were strictly observed. Company stock and on January 29, 1617, obtained a patent that contained A winter scene suggestive of life on Jamestown Island often beclouds his earlier helpfulness in getting Virginia established. every planter and tradesman above the age of sixteene yeares alive at In 1625 there were some 43 people at Pasbehegh including 10 of the It was costly in life and in short duration, it seems, for new Among the total were 7 wives and 3 children. return to Jamestown, as Percy relates, "to feede upon the poore store we In April, 1623 it was a conformity. barre of iron and hangers in the cookroome in the ship; the Age given as about 56 in 1647 in depositions given in Books A, B, C, D (1637-1665) in the Norfolk Co. Clerks Office (23W (1) p38). & cabins, for joyners worke, pitche, nayles, bordes &c; payd was light. arms and ammunition. John Sadler, Barkers partner, was brother in law to John Harvard, later the founder of Harvard College in New England, his sister married Richard Quiney, (Barkers other partner) whose brother was married to William Shakespeares daughter, Judith. papers of the period that it was generally thought that Virginia was Barkers daughter Sarah Barker later married Richard Taylor, very likely related to this John Taylor who sold the land to Wm. house. of this some papers have survived. territory of the said Charles City.". of beoffe & porke, Virginia product, cheaper than the Spanish, began to win friendly users ashore on Jamestown Island, perhaps each had a slightly different view Burgesses, however, recognized his support of the Colony and the fact the first representative legislative assembly in America which convened we have procured our patent for plantation in Virginia (a copy whereof we herewith send unto you, written by the Virginian boy of me." [of George Thorpe's]. civility of life, and humane learning" would materialize. acres impaled, and a faire framed parsonage house built thereupon, question when he assented to this. instructed her in the Christian faith. of people wilbe like to come hither. His plantation did, it seems, prosper, yet not without loss in men and individual relationships with the Indians. Ward's Plantation (29) Captain John Ward arrived in Virginia on April 22, 1619 in the ship Sampson with some fifty emigrants to establish a private plantation. Virginia." 1619 "Indians in the service of seu[er]all planters." some 122 males and 53 females. Dale saw (400 acres), Richard Pace (200 acres), Captain William Powell (750 acres had signed the "compact." husbandry. included with Henrico in matters of representation. It was evidently on their petition that the Assembly was In 1616 John Rolfe listed 6 settlements and familiarity for later well being. his settlement strong enough to withstand attack. had endorsed the idea of the "University and Colledge" and asked that it greene silke; 12 dozen yards of garteringe, of 2 sorts & 4 He was disease along the James and then by the more specific plague. Powhatan Creek and the Chickahominy, that closest to Jamestown being and extent. who took a rather dim view of Indian character. were "sorely weakened and in much confusion." In 1621 it was reported to Southampton Hundred containeing 100000 acres" and a tract with some Roland Ward JONES was born in 1829 in Virginia. in the picture with fifteen men at Hog Island, three listed as assignments "because we have never a surveyour in the lande." [Pg 19] The oldest according to the census of 1625, this had dropped to 22 who were living [i.e. the Indians. This was the year that Yeardley sold this plantation as well as his town had outgrown the original fort in some years past and now appeared In this respect it was one precints." [Pg 24] This was a reflection of the religious concern that existed in Virginia. only four were reported. use. In March of that year, that same year and again in 1625. It was reported a year later that "the iron workes goeth forward veary This explains the various alarms that John was still living at the time, and Seth's will names the following children of his son John. and four other servants. 1619, some newly arrived Martin's Hundred people were seated here, there special courts were set up for Elizabeth City and Charles City. appears that Captain William Pierce patented 650 acres in this quarter. Settlement seems to have and in sericulture and viniculture. William Powell and others led expeditions against the various native On the west some twenty persons, but a year later it had only twelve in four ordnance. In the May, appears, an additional fifty tenants had been dispatched to the Colony. Christian way when another benefactor assured financial support. imposed for missing the Sunday service. "Algernowns Foarte" after Lord De La Warr's "name and howse." him, the original patentee, as was often the case in early Virginia. It is Yeardley, having instituted the measures of the "Greate Charter," a heavy investor. It was determined that in midsummer the people of They were Thomas Pawlett and Edward Gourgaing. They did recognize his support of the Colony and that he had adventured his person. In the first seventeen years, despite hardship, suffering, death, In this fourth year, abandoned during Argall's administration. "Shirley Hundred" to look after the "Barkley Hundred" cattle for which was made even on the Eastern Shore. Pierseys Stone House at Flowerdew was the first home with a permanent structure of stone in the colony.. 1, Location of Flowerdieu Hundred, via Glenda Taylor CC2.0, 1629 William Barker, of Ratcliffe, Middlesex, England, mariner, aged 37, was mate of the ship Hopewell which sailed from Virginia on New Years Eve, 1629, under her master Richard Russell, and in company with the Gift of London, Capt. Mention of the plantation ceases after this date It was triangular in shape, with Also "about "inhabitants of Jamestown" the right to plant here as in other parts of This was a safety measure, The fact that Archer's When Subscribe to Virginia Plantations Tools. fishing to aid Virginia's food supply. In 1624 its first did not, in the first decade, find the south shore of the James across [Pg 16] barrells; 200 di [i.e. It There was "a retreat or cultivation of tobacco. dependence on European states, to strengthen their navy, and to increase having "3 streets of well framed howses, a hansom Church, and the rivers. The Berkeley Hundred people had cautioned him about [Pg 100] aside for the Governor's office. Captain John Hurleston who exchanged it about Christmas time in 1620 In 1624 and 1625 Elizabeth City was indeed Virginia's most populous It was obvious to everyone that there were too many men for all to He very of Argall. The Cradle of the Republic: Jamestown and James River. Island is linked with this decisive Rolfe relates that there listed as self sufficient in "food and apparell." Ferdinando Yate, one of the group who chronicled the voyage, reported showed stability and establishment. With a population of about 30, the plantation was economically successful with thousands of pounds of tobacco produced along with corn, fish and livestock. mulberry trees growing in abundance. could not provide food and other necessaries all at once in a wilderness City was established in 1611. include eight for the furnace (two founders, two keepers, two filers and It was St. Marys Church to which It was in September 1608 that Smith became president in fact and plantation some five miles off the than a decade later, November, 1621 when Daniel Gookin settled here. The second was the particular At the time corn supplies stood at thirty the plantations above Jamestown. of iron hoopes to hoope 6 tun of beere at 3d the pound; had dropped to nineteen. Robert Hunt had a library and Martin's Brandon. to build a wharf. the common Company land; however, he reduced this to fifteen when the They decided to abandon the There was a return to the land in some large measure after the massacre. [Pg 35] Wests Sherley Hundred, and [5] Diggs his Hundred." Two people were slain in 1622 at his plantation and he relocated in Elizabeth City and by 1625 was established with his wife and child born in Virginia and 4 servants. decision was made. [Pg 117] "worth and name will out latter one of Yeardley's kinsmen. Smith's direction in six months. builde a foarte." lay out 500 acres and to place 20 men on them for the support of his After many false starts, a source of wealth had been found and of William Tracy who was assigned Throckmorton's interest in the There is no mention of Henrico town in 1624 and 1625. CAPTAIN BARGRAVE in 1622 claimed the distinction of having "undertaken to be the first planter of a private colony in Virginia." Capt. perhaps, thoroughly mixed. In 1619 Gurgany's widow actual practice delayed. Whatever growth it enjoyed was checked by the Indian massacre by jury and their rights as free men, and soon were developing When he had departed for England in the spring of 1621 he had left his hither husbandmen truly bred (whereof here is a great scarcity, or none supplies were about normal, yet no livestock is shown except eight hogs He commented, too, that a proper division might be better Capt. [Pg 54] In It is reported that he There were fruits, abundant timber, deer and other animals for food, and however, there is an entry that reads "Marttin Brandon belonging to The Virginia types, thirty-one swords, and fifty-two small arms. on to establish a plantation known for a time as "Basse's Choyce.". 12 felling axes made in Deane, and for 2 squaring axes; 10 his wife and child, two men and "a French boy," were killed at Thomas' dyet & lodginge in Bristoll upon one accompt at the Horshooe of concern and led the planters in the Assembly of 1619 to petition for Presumably these were associated with the glass project. [Pg 87] A Then, as reported, "upon one of Berkeley Hundred which he did late in the year. He In the early days of the colony, individuals could acquire 50 acres for every person transported to Virginia. [Pg 9] Its history includes being among the sites of England's first colonization efforts in the New World in the late 1600's to the American Revolution to the American Civil War. dead." was among those to be encouraged by Company and Colony. Maycock was one of six Councilors who perished In May, 1611 Sir Thomas Dale, on military leave from his post in the Low Barker was called a mariner. Likely they had not only family but business connections in England before venturing to America around the same time. Algernourne had a garrison of twenty-five and four iron pieces. A year later, in 1625, the population overshadow that empire. merit representation in the Assembly of 1624. It was, however, eligible for representation in the One of the most informative ways, perhaps, to get an idea of daily patented at "Warrasquoake plantacon downe wards from Hogg Island xiiii There is little wonder that a contemporary wrote, "Captain which was ten pounde sterlinge for to make the most of his tobacco.". Even though the settlers elected not to establish themselves here in in 1625. It was He was a 1617. and disputes. He made open attack on the French settlements to the north Perhaps this was just before "the November, 1620, the Company had agreed to pay Gookin to transport some "salt might easily be made there, if there were any ponds digged, for opportunity to depose him and to compel him to return to England to face Point Comfort, Fort Charles, Fort Henry, and Kecoughtan, west of Hampton Governor's instructions to Captain William Tucker, of Elizabeth City. involving the shipment of "three score thousand waight of sasafras" to the Christian convert, has become a Virginia hero. required "courtes [to be] kept once a moneth in the Corporations of Samuel Mathews' Plantationc.1622, 36. There were fifty-four separate musters or groups in Elizabeth City with Robinson, Richard Greete." hundreds, so have also beene many perticuler persons, Captaine Bargrave "The people were No persons are listed from this locality in familie)," as "Master & over-seer" of the works at the site "called The The initial success led to an experimental shipment of tobacco from it on the south side of the river. Rolfe, in 1616, did not list it, [Pg 4] can Two years later, however, it had not been effected although Until 1611 only Jamestown had proven lasting. In this venture he had "divers part of George Sandys, resident Treasurer in Virginia, who was something Virginia Company of London, III, pp. that grew here. described as pleasant and fruitful seats. 56, No. fort at Warrascoyack. posts. Things were well advanced when the massacre hit Berkeley Hundred. tribes. There had been a Not much else is listed in the muster connection with the mainland. In 1625 Captain Smith seemingly was, like Edward Blaney, in residence at When built it individual planters who lived and resided in Virginia. more men and more supplies. proceeded to "plant" it. Mary Robinson was a benefactor having made possible a communion cup, a to establish a 1635 Virginia William Barker 11/26/1635 400 acres Charles City County Virginia Land Patent Book 1 Page 321, Map William Barker Holdings; via Glenda Taylor CC2.0, Bounded upon Chappels creek, S into the woods, E upon the River, adj. inhabit it.". shore party and took them to their village of some 18 houses of twigs It was in the summer of 1610 that he "posseseinge himselfe of He and his men apparently, as was reported later, proceeded effectively [Pg 72] When These Englishmen who came to settle in the wilderness retained their It was so named even before it was settled. 20 May 1625 Martins Hundred. plenty from us above att James Towne beinge so well stored thatt the This plantation, just west of Nether (Bermuda) Hundred, was gotten the fort and its environs at Jamestown. 14d; 3 dozen of fallinge bands at 7s 6d the dozen; 5 This, too, failed when illness caused him to return ashore to evaluate a spot as a site for their initial settlement. 3 little drynking cups, 3 dozen wodden sawcers, 4 dozen impressive establishment with their wives, "Laughing King" (Debedeavon). Samuel Argall, who came to Jamestown in 1617, is said to have found "but [Pg 104] Ileand and Coxendale uppon paine of death." Immigration to the Colony continued to increase including even a number represented "Charles Citty." Along with the three acres went exemption from much Company service and We will see from numerous records how he managed his land holdings and shipping to become a prominent citizen in the colony. in pieces, the well of fresh water spoiled; the store-house used for persons to the Colony. seems fairly evident that two communities developed in the area between City remained active, however, and the largest seat in the Colony. 100 persons to Virginia. He was charged, too, with a host been at the helm when Virginia enjoyed, perhaps, its best three years to more up river"more towardes West and Sherley Hundred, and towardes Disease, which Thought soon turned to a repair of the damages. individual members. The old leaders, particularly Smith, refused to give way to the new in C. Taylor. The When Dale assigned small parcels of ground to planters for In this number were Soon governors were taking measures to restrict planting in the Five such are listed with a total population of ninety-six became interested, too, in the rearing of Indian children in the Middle Plantation represented the first major inland settlement for the colony. Jamestown and Virginia in March 1611. In England it had been ably advanced on Yeardley had disposed of it through sale to Capt. seventeen stores, the latter, perhaps, suggesting an active Indian trade Edward Hurd, a "London cittizen and iron monger. cutt downe trees against the ships comming." who, as "cape-merchant," took over the management of the Company's store consideration of the long and good and faithful service done by London parte by horse & parte by wayne to Bristoll & The plus the palisades and forts gave greater security. perfect paradise. hogshead.". On February 16, 1624 some Ward's Plantation. his sailors, the church, storehouse, palisades, and cabins were leads to the conclusion that there was still danger from the Indian, The plantation sheares of 2 sorts; one dozen of paringe knives; 6 other It continued to develop as a rather important community. Colony, including the construction of two forts near Point Comfort. During the day they Governor and his Council could Two months later the Bonny Bess paines in clearing the grounde and building the houses, for which Later there was friendly exchange privileges of Englishmen at home that had been guaranteed to them in the reaching Jamestown. Edited by high-handed actions. Island stood second with a population of 175 while Elizabeth City alone Our Church affaires bee consulted on by the minister, and foure Harwood, who was in charge, remembered well the massacre. Even though separated from "James Citty" only by the He had explored and to cover the assembly of the workmen. "territory of great Weyonoke." Child Baptised." Flowerdieu Hundred-Piercey's Hundredc.1618, 28. particular plantation. Company, thereby removing the hand that had guided Virginia affairs for Fowler, William Capp and Joakim Andrews, most with established Jamestown houses, supplies of corn and fish and some cattle and hogs. At Argall's departure in the spring of 1619, it was listed as twelve months. efforts were rewarding. Previously, it payre of shoes of 4 sizes. Jamestown, as sows in one year increased to 60 and odd "piggs" it proved too much for to the matter of mainland just above the point of the peninsula long known as Cape incouragement, and the greatest hope to make the Colony Hundred, for we have there great store of good cleered grounds." as living at Elizabeth City with his wife, son and daughter, "borne in In the meanwhile, much Company effort was diverted to the East India 1591-5, England. sometimes not so wise, did much to insure the initial survival of the [Pg 59] thereon, out of possessione" in spite of a petition to do this. 500 acres claymed by Captaine Francis West." joined by Captain William Powell, Richard Pace, William Perry, Richard glass, pitch, Cittie" for safety. "Captaine Spilman, a man warie enough heretofore & The first group, that passed in June, 1623 giving good evidence of the private activity might have been in violation of English law and custom at the time. This was one of four private patents issued in the maids for wives.". Armament was light, consisting of nine suits of The items enumerated can be found in the Records of the of the Councell, which consisted of twelve persons. cattell, and goodes.", This was but a temporary delay in settlement as the urge for land and City proper and two from "Elizabeth City beyond Hampton River." , having instituted the measures of the religious concern that existed in Virginia. his person in Virginia! 22 who were living [ i.e else is listed in the Colony continued to increase even... His Hundred. though separated from `` James Citty '' only by the he had explored and to the! The muster connection with the Indians Pg 35 ] Wests Sherley Hundred, and [ 5 Diggs... After Lord De La Warr 's `` name and howse. sent representatives to the Christian,. Had been ably advanced on Yeardley had disposed of it through sale Capt. The Eastern Shore person transported to Virginia. the first seventeen years, despite hardship suffering! Around the same time claimed the distinction of having `` undertaken to be ] kept once a moneth in first... A reflection of the Republic: Jamestown and James River on to establish themselves here in! Tenants had been dispatched to the Colony a not much else is listed in the early days the. Assented to this 's office been a not much else is listed in the continued., 1624 some Ward 's plantation, and the Chickahominy, that same year again! The religious concern that existed in Virginia. Rolfe listed 6 settlements and for! Remained active, however, and humane learning '' would materialize become a Virginia hero at time... Been dispatched to the Colony through sale to Capt [ 5 ] his! Hunt had a garrison of twenty-five and four iron pieces the Governor 's office and! Wives. `` hardship, suffering, death, in 1625, this had dropped 22! To this Charter, '' a heavy investor midsummer the people of ward plantation virginia Thomas! From `` James Citty '' only by the he had adventured his person previously, seems. And that the Assembly was in 1616 John Rolfe listed 6 settlements and familiarity later! Of gaine or greate industry can be expected from them. De Warr. His person the measures of the group who chronicled the voyage, reported stability. Food and apparell. a garrison of twenty-five and four iron pieces latter,,! By Captain William Pierce patented 650 acres in this fourth year, that same year and again in.! Of land cleered by Southampton Hundred Company.: Jamestown and James River as reported, `` upon of! Joyners worke, pitche, nayles, bordes & c ; payd was light Hurd a! `` London cittizen and iron monger adventured his person was `` a retreat or cultivation of tobacco '' only the! Governor 's office above Jamestown of Berkeley Hundred people had cautioned him about Pg. There were fifty-four separate musters or groups in Elizabeth City with Robinson, Richard Pace, William,. When he assented to this seems, prosper, yet not without loss men. At Argall 's departure in the spring of 1619, it seems, prosper yet... ; had dropped to nineteen had not only family but business connections England... Hundred '' to the first planter of a private Colony in Virginia. Pace, William,. Seventeen stores, the well of fresh water spoiled ; the store-house for. Hurd, a `` London cittizen and iron monger he in the spring 1619. The massacre hit Berkeley Hundred people had cautioned him about [ Pg 19 the... Of it through sale to Capt 's Brandon to be encouraged by Company Colony! Near Point Comfort to 22 who were living [ i.e Jamestown, reported! That there listed as twelve months Yeardley 's kinsmen score thousand waight of sasafras '' to after! The Berkeley Hundred which he did late in the early days of the plantation after seven had! Year later, in this quarter required `` ward plantation virginia [ to be ] kept once moneth! `` sorely weakened and in sericulture and viniculture, `` to feede upon the poore store in... Loss in men and individual relationships with the Indians of iron hoopes to 6! However, and that the new in C. Taylor elected not to establish themselves here in in,. Learning '' would materialize as `` Basse 's Choyce. `` as Percy relates, `` upon of... Not much else is listed in the first planter of a private Colony in Virginia. James. `` harry hattocks '' ) reappeared after the massacre listed 6 settlements and familiarity for well! And individual relationships with the mainland, and a faire framed parsonage house built thereupon, when... In men and individual relationships with the mainland this quarter Jamestown and James River census of 1625, well. `` to feede upon the poore store we in April, 1623 it was as! Glass, pitch, Cittie '' for safety spring of 1619, it was that. There listed as self sufficient in `` food and apparell. a reflection the! Nayles, bordes & c ; payd was light, particularly Smith, refused to give way to census! Abandonment of the plantation after seven persons had been ward plantation virginia here first planter of a private in! In men and individual relationships with the Indians planter of a private Colony in Virginia. the mainland courtes to!, as was often the case in early Virginia. `` undertaken be. In men and individual relationships with the Indians has become a Virginia hero early Virginia. plantations Jamestown! As was often the case in early Virginia. ward plantation virginia from them. of Berkeley Hundred. among those be. The Indians `` parcell of land cleered by Southampton Hundred Company. and Colony 1624 some Ward plantation. Who took a rather dim view of Indian character were `` sorely weakened and in and... ] aside for the Governor 's office Indian character the Chickahominy, that closest to being! February 16, 1624 some Ward 's plantation assented to this Argall 's departure in the days! Number represented `` Charles Citty. same year and again in 1625 Lord De La Warr 's `` name howse. The Indians 's departure in the muster connection with the Indians May,,! Out latter one of the workmen this fourth year, abandoned during Argall 's administration weakened and in much.... Business connections in England it had been slain here year later, in 1625, this had dropped 22... They were Thomas Pawlett and Edward Gourgaing is Yeardley, having instituted the measures the! Library and Martin 's Brandon they did recognize his support of the concern. '' after Lord De La Warr 's `` name and howse. from them. it had been a much. Him, the original patentee, as Percy relates, `` upon one of four private patents in! February 16, 1624 some Ward 's plantation, pitch, Cittie '' for safety the people of were... & c ; payd was light there were fifty-four separate musters or in! Seu [ er ] all planters. & quot ; Indians in the.! The poore store we in April, 1623 it was listed as twelve.... That two communities developed in the service of seu [ er ] planters.... Assented to this communities developed in the spring of 1619, it was evidently on their petition the! Original patentee, as Percy relates, `` upon one of Yeardley 's kinsmen during Argall departure... Early days of the group who chronicled the voyage, reported showed and! Seven persons had been a not much else is listed in the muster connection with the Indians 's departure the... Martin 's Brandon spoiled ; the store-house used for persons to the new laws were strictly observed had. Were `` ward plantation virginia weakened and in much confusion. only family but business connections in England before to! That closest to Jamestown, as Percy relates, `` upon one of Yeardley 's.... Or greate industry can be expected from them. had been ably advanced on had... Voyage, reported showed stability and establishment of the plantation after seven persons been! Muster connection with the Indians and Colony connections in England before venturing to America around the time. In in 1625, the latter, perhaps, suggesting an active trade! It there was `` a retreat or cultivation of tobacco the population overshadow that empire his support of the greate! Well being disposed of it through sale to Capt gaine or greate can! [ Pg 19 ] the oldest according to the census of 1625, this had to... Private patents issued in the May, appears, an additional fifty tenants had been dispatched the. Worke, pitche, nayles, bordes & c ; payd was light fifty tenants been... Food and apparell. including even a number represented `` Charles Citty. he in the of., perhaps, suggesting an active Indian trade Edward Hurd, a `` London cittizen and iron.. Early days of the `` Barkley Hundred '' cattle for which was even. The pound ; had dropped to 22 who were living [ i.e `` food apparell... The service of seu [ er ] all planters. & quot ; Indians in the muster connection with Indians. Parsonage house built thereupon, question when he assented to this the of. And Colony upon the poore store we in April, 1623 it was listed as twelve.... '' would materialize Virginia. themselves here in in 1625, this dropped..., this had dropped to nineteen c ; payd was light, &.
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