For a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed, see, Line of thunderstorms along or ahead of a cold front. , Savannah, GA, Amer. The squall line caused many QLCS tornadoes to form with significant intensities. Dean, B. Smith, R. Thompson, and J. Peters, 2021: Heres how all 62 Alabama tornadoes break down on the EF scale: A total of 348 fatalities occurred across multiple states, including 253 in Alabama. They are better known and referenced as spin-up tornadoes. Football Weather, Local Information [+]. It was this round that brought the most devastation across the state. A landspout is a tornado with a narrow, rope-like condensation funnel that forms while the thunderstorm cloud is still growing and there is no rotating updraft - the spinning motion originates near the ground. King, and G. Lackmann, 2016: QLCS: The Type II Vortex will represent those tornadoes that are produced by quasi-linear convective systems (QLCS), which is typically an MCS that has taken the form of a squall line or bow echo. Forecasting, 27, 11361154, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00116.1. To me there isn't a choice here. [+]. Sherburn, K., and M. Parker, 2019: The tornado, packing peak winds of an EF-4 intensity on the 0-to-5 twister damage scale, had both the highest rating and the longest path of any tornado so early in the year to strike at such a high latitude. Radar and damage analysis of severe bow echoes observed during BAMEX. A rotating updraft is a key to the development of a supercell, and eventually a tornado. 20th Conf. In these cases, strong circulations may be evident on radar a half hour or more before a tornado. The black circle in SRM data identifies the mesovortex that produced the tornado. Wea. Dean, 2008: The climatology, convective mode, and mesoscale environment of cool season severe thunderstorms in the Ohio and Tennessee valleys, 19952006. Wilmington, Current Conditions The rightmost image is a couple of hours after the other two, showing the strongest portion of the line as it passes through Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Wakimoto, R., and J. Wilson, 1989: Sci., 75, 731753, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0174.1. Storm Prediction Center Louisville, KY6201 Theiler LaneLouisville, KY 40229-1476502-969-8842Comments? An example of wind shear that can eventually create a tornado is when winds at ground level, often slowed down by friction with the earth's surface, come from the southwest at 5 mph. The March tally of 200-plus twisters is comparable to expected numbers in April and June, which are typically far busier tornado months. Even stronger correlation than low level . Forecasting, 14, 976993, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0976:SRAMEA>2.0.CO;2. Forecasting, 32, 18571884, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0193.1. The term originates at least as early as rdale found. The strongest vortices are the deepest and longest lived, implying that they would be most detectable. Here's a look at the futurecast at 2pm tomorrow & the significant tornado parameter. Severe weather and tornadoes occurred on all four of the outbreak days, but April 27th was in a class of its own. Wea. A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. The early evening transition in southeastern U.S. tornado environments. I had always operated under the assumption that QLCS was just a cool new name for MCS. For leading line (bow echo) tornadoes, the initial circulation typically develops as an area of enhanced cyclonic-convergence in the lower portions of the storm along/just north of the bow apex, then rapidly intensifies and deepens in altitude, partly due to rapid vertical stretching in the updraft. Tornadoes that come from a supercell thunderstorm are the most common, and often the most dangerous. The modeled surface vortices are primarily associated with gust front cusps and bow echoes, line breaks, and supercell-like features. Pressure perturbations around thunderstorms are noteworthy. A COUPLING OF THE LOW AND MID-LEVEL JETS IS ALSO FORECAST TO OCCUR ACROSS NRN VA.MD AND PA WHICH MAY ALSO HELP TO ENHANCE THE QLCS TORNADO THREAT. The tornadoes that tore across Alabama alone carved a total path length of about 1,200 miles. These both happened in early April of 2021. 20. : Observations of a non-supercell tornadic thunderstorm from a terminal Doppler weather radar. This record, however, may not be as significant as it sounds because radar technology in the past 15 years has made it easier to detect tornadoes, potentially inflating counts. The Texas supercells evolved into a powerful and broken line of thunderstorms called a QLCS (or quasi-linear convective system) into the 22nd, which would go on to produce widespread damaging wind gusts and dozens of tornadoes across the Southeast. Area C is most prone to supporting tornado development. the strongest winds on the leading edge of the line with precipitation extending behind the line for several miles. Alabama was the hardest hit by far. The tornado tore a 132-mile path of destruction, killing 72. Certainly not unprecedented. Many counties were hit by more than one tornado over the course of the event, which lasted about 18 hours in Alabama. Eastward moving north/south oriented segments of the QLCS would be favorable for tornado potential, especially farther east with improving SBCAPE. The strongest storms within the band remain over the Ozarks at this time, where local/transient QLCS-type rotational signatures and small-scale bowing segments have occurred over the past hour. : Examining the structure and dynamics of QLCS vortices in high-shear, low-CAPE environments. Lane, J., and P. Moore, 2006: Observations of a non-supercell tornadic thunderstorm from a terminal Doppler weather radar. Sci., 72, 19631986, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-14-0209.1. No other day was anywhere close to measuring up to what transpired on the 27th. There is an increase in sprawl as well as vulnerable housing (mobile and manufactured homes). Meteor. An invisible tube of air begins to rotate horizontally. The back-to-back late month outbreaks of at least 75 tornadoes were particularly notable considering March averages 80 tornadoes. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. An estimated 90% of the tornadoes we get here in the Carolinas are these. Questions? Forecasting, 29, 828853, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-13-00127.1. Tornadoes form in these breaks between the bows, where you can get inflow notches into the storm. Reflectivity is used to delineate those locations for greatest potential for damaging straight-line winds and tornadoes. Regional Weather Map Id argue we were VERY lucky, especially on March 5th, when a violent tornado nearly missed the core of a major metro area: Des Moines., Climate change and development trends increasing early season tornado risks. New Tornado Warning was issued between 0400Z to 0405Z and there was a tornado LSR. [10], The traditional criteria that distinguish a derecho from a severe thunderstorm are sustained winds of 58 miles per hour (93km/h) during the storm as opposed to gusts, high or rapidly increasing forward speed, and geographic extent (typically 250 nautical miles (500km; 300mi) in length. Rev., 132, 22242242, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2224:VSAEWB>2.0.CO;2. Conrad, D., and K. Knupp, 2019: Soc., 3A.5, https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81388.htm. Wea. About the NWS Part I: Initiation and evolution of pretornadic misocyclone circulations along a dry outflow boundary. Origins of vorticity in a simulated tornadic mesovortex observed during PECAN on 6 July 2015, Storm reflectivity and mesocyclone evolution associated with the 15 April 1994 squall line over Kentucky and southern Indiana. Instability will be the main limiting factor in terms of breadth of the severe risk area, and it is likely that the greatest risk will occur during the morning hours. 1. This theory proposed that the main inflow into a cyclone was concentrated along two lines of convergence, one ahead of the low and another trailing behind the low. The concept of frontal zones led to the concept of air masses. McAvoy, B., W. Jones, and P. Moore, 2000: Investigation of an unusual storm structure associated with weak to occasionally strong tornadoes over the eastern United States. Meteor. High precipitation (HP) supercell characteristics sometimes can occur within organized, long-lived bowing line segments within serial squall lines. I should know but have forgotten. Weather Stories Forecasting, 32, 763779, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-16-0141.1. Sci., 54, 3260, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0032:TNSONS>2.0.CO;2. Characteristics of tornado events and warnings in the southeastern United States. Because of the Coriolis force, the northern end may evolve further, creating a "comma shaped" wake low, or may continue in a squall-like pattern. Physica D, 48, 273294, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(91)90088-Q. Late on February 26, the system became a subtropical storm and went out to sea. Progressive: Length of squall line/bow echo relatively short and curved, and oriented perpendicular to mean environmental wind. . A LEWP is a special configuration in a line of convective storms that indicates the presence of a low-pressure area and the possibility of damaging winds, large hail, and tornadoes. 4. This March, a persistent pattern favorable for an overlap of instability and shear sparked several rounds of tornadic thunderstorms. This study analyzes a population of 56 vortices (all cyclonic) in a full-physics, case study simulation to examine vortex characteristics and their relationships to the pre-line environment. The configuration of the jet stream, in concert with high pressure near the East Coast, lifted warm and moist air north from the Gulf of Mexico. The low-level jet is creating favorable conditions for QLCS tornadoes along the leading edge of the squall-line. This is mostly a straight line wind threat but with embedded tornadoes possible. Let this sink in: Marshall County was hit by 15 different tornadoes. "The relationship of surface pressure features to the precipitation and airflow structure of an intense midlatitude squall line", 10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<1444:TROSPF>2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squall_line&oldid=1081512317, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 April 2022, at 21:40. Rev., 148, 183209, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0072.1. A squall line over 1,000mi (1,600km) long across the Gulf of Mexico and Eastern U.S. on 30 January 2013 (radar coverage is from ground radars, so middle image does not cover the portion over the Gulf). 1, The influence of lifting condensation level on low-level outflow and rotation in simulated supercell thunderstorms, The early evening transition in southeastern U.S. tornado environments, A benchmark simulation for moist nonhydrostatic numerical models, Sensitivity of a simulated squall line to horizontal resolution and parameterization of microphysics, A severe frontal rainband. The term/concept has caught on: I'm glad to finally be finding out this information. Those 348 fatalities were the most in a tornado event since April 5-6, 1936. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory Tornadoes come from mainly two types of thunderstorms: supercell and non-supercell. Part I. Stormwide hydrodynamic structure. Fluid Mech., 19, 369402, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002101. A near-record-high number of October tornadoes struck in the United States. An estimated 90% of the tornadoes we get here in the Carolinas are these QLCS tornadoes. Wind damage is maximized along the bulged out cold/gust front, especially when a weak echo channel (WEC; left) is present behind the leading line associated with a strong rear inflow jet (RIJ; right). Origins of vorticity in a simulated tornadic mesovortex observed during PECAN on 6 July 2015. The genesis of mesovortices within a real-data simulation of a bow echo system. Benjamin, S., G. Grell, J. A number of other strong tornadoes caused damage to towns and small cities across the southeast on March 30 as a QLCS ripped across the region. KY Mesonet, Latest Forecasts Velocity (base and storm-relative) data also is used to evaluate straight-line wind potential and mesovortex evolution. QLCS tornadoes frequently occur during the late night and early morning hours. High winds generated by bow echoes. USA Note NCAR/TN-556+STR, 145 pp., https://doi.org/10.5065/1dfh-6p97. 'They simply can't get caught up' | Expanded SNAP benefits ended Tuesday in North Carolina, Beyond Open CLT denied 95% of small business owners who applied for grants, Denied a grant in round 1? I always understood that a QLCS is a MCS that had developed 3-dimensional features like bookend vortices. In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for cold front (which often are accompanied by abrupt and gusty wind shifts). Mon. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. Rising air within the thunderstorm tilts the rotating air from horizontal to vertical now the area of rotation extends through much of the storm. CHAPTERS:00:00 - Intro02:20 - Glencoe, MN QLCS Tornado04:53 - Drone footage06:16 - Monroe, Louisiana QLCS Tornado#neverstopchasing #reedtimmer #hurricaneian. Guarriello, F., C. Nowotarski, and C. Epifanio, 2018: Wea. examining radar reflectivity images for every tornado event recorded during 1998-2000 in the contiguous United States. Nearly 25% of the 360 were strong to violent on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. Nashville Thompson, R., B. Smith, J. Grams, A. With buoyancy rapid within the lower and mid-levels of a mature thunderstorm, updraft and downdraft create distinct mesocenters of pressure. endobj A QLCS is an abbreviation for a Quasi-Linear Convective System. As few as 20 percent of all supercell thunderstorms actually produce tornadoes. width: 100%; Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Meteor. Weather Radio It was also a QLCS, and produced a handful of weaker tornadoes up near the Huntsville and Decatur areas. Jaw-dropping. Wurman, J., and K. Kosiba, 2013: padding: 0; Mon. The "cold pool process" is typically fundamental in producing the tilting of horizontal vorticity, thus aiding in tornado formation. There are many ideas about this too. Mon. An integrated three-dimensional objective analysis scheme in use at the Storm Prediction Center. Rev., 147, 12971318, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0257.1. background: #193B7D; Part I: Storm classification and climatology, Finescale assessment of mobile home tornado vulnerability in the central and Southeast United States, Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Forecasting, 36, 14311452, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-20-0191.1. 23rd Conf. - In our study we found that QLCS tornadoes (F0 - F2 damage) were correlated with mesovortex cores 2 and 3 in one case, core 3 in a second case and mesovortex cores 2, 3 and 4 in two other cases. (2005). If early season tornado activity increases in the South as vulnerability grows due to demographic trends, disaster can more readily happen. Thanks for the references. In response to very strong outflow southwest of the mesoscale low, a portion of the line bulges outward forming a bow echo. There was a tendency for low pressure to develop over the central United States repeatedly. Dean, and C. Broyles, 2012: Recreation Forecasts, Past Weather Bull. Wea. PERiLS (Propagation, Evolution and Rotation in Linear Storms) is a collaborative effort that leverages NOAA's contributions to PERiLS, adding critical instruments from the NSF LAOF to provide the sampling necessary to address environmental factors and storm processes that lead to quasi-linear convective systems (QLCS) tornadogenesis. Derechos blow in the direction of movement of their associated storms, similar to a gust front, except that the wind is sustained and generally increases in strength behind the "gust" front. [2] This feature is commonly depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses, as they lie within sharp surface troughs. The 2011 Super Outbreak spanned four days and impacted 26 states. Local Climate Page Sci., 45, 463485, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0463:ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2. Forecast challenges at the NWS Storm Prediction Center relating to the frequency of favorable severe storm environments. Supercells produce hail. Soc., P7.1, https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/webprogram/Paper81537.html. Event Ready Peak surface vortex intensity correlates with peak . Davis, J., and M. Parker, 2014: Flournoy, M., and M. Coniglio, 2019: Climate Prediction Transient tornadoes also can occur in squall lines, especially in association with bow echoes. Funk, T., K. Darmofal, J. Kirkpatrick, V. Dewald, R. Przybylinski, G. Schmocker, and Y.-J. 2c, which contains a number of mesovortices that developed in association with tornadogenesis (a phenomenon that has been numerically simulated by Trapp and Weisman 2003). Meteor. 120 David L. Boren Blvd. Ron P is LSX is the expert on this, but a QLCS is a type of MCS (aka squall line, bow echo and sometimes derecho.). Meteorologist Kait Parker explains what a quasi-linear convective system is and why they can be such dangerous storms. Supercells last much longer than 'spin-up tornadoes' that occur in QLCS events. Dynamically-induced cool season events often exhibit a serial pattern. I've found in my studies of SE US severe events that the strongest differentiator between QLCS tor events and QLCS non-tor events is a strong 925mb jet. with the strongest cell in #DFW right near the intersection of the warm front, cold front, and occluded front. Based on these images, the type of storm associated with each tornado was classified as cell, QLCS, or other. One such tornado caused multiple fatalities in El Reno, Okla., on May 25, 2019. Res., 100, 749764, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.09.007. on Severe Local Storms, St. Louis, MO, Amer. As of Tuesday, this event produced 78 confirmed tornadoes compared with 77 in the previous event. RELATED: EF-1 tornado confirmed by NWS in Oconee County, South Carolina, RELATED: A third tornado confirmed from Saturday evening's storms. The QLCS concept will include all "lines" of convective storms with features such as LEWPs, bows, BEVs, RIJs or any type of mesovortex event. Sherburn, K., M. Parker, J. Rev., 148, 50155040, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0136.1. Tragically, the record-breaking tornado killed six as it ripped across southern sections of Winterset, a town on the fringes of the Des Moines metro area. Wea. Sci., 69, 33723390, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-038.1. They are better known and referenced as spin-up tornadoes. #txwx #tornado pic.twitter.com/8h0nD88xFv. Tornadogenesis in a simulated mesovortex within a mesoscale convective system. Note NCAR/TN-556+STR, 145 pp.. Rev., 134, 28132829, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3216.1. Mon. Mon. Dean, R. Thomspon, and B. Smith, 2019: Part II: Their genesis, Vortex structure and evolution within bow echoes. The primary difference from RM tornado environments is the lack events across the high Plains, other than the small area of QLCS tornado events with relatively high LCLs Interestingly, the distribution of 06-km BWD with QLCS tornadoes (Fig. Maximum winds in that deadly tornado reached an unfathomable 210 mph. Areas of clouds and rainfall appeared to be focused along this convergence zone. These are a danger because the process of in which a tornado is produced in these 'kink' within the QLCS, happens very quick. There are many ideas about how this rotation begins. 2a. Schaumann, J., and R. Przybylinski, 2012: Operational application of 0-3 km bulk shear vectors in assessing Quasi Linear Convective System mesovortex and tornado potential. This outrunning occurs within the westerlies in a pattern where the upper-level jet splits into two streams. J. Atmos. Meanwhile, the unusually far-south jet stream delivered atmospheric wave after atmospheric wave into an air mass primed for storm development. This event is not only impossible to forget due to its tornado count, violent tornado count, death toll, and injury count, but its costliness as well. QLCS tornadoes are not the strongest or longest tracking, however any tornado is dangerous and these still the potential for major damage and to be life threatening. Storm reflectivity and mesocyclone evolution associated with the 15 April 1994 squall line over Kentucky and southern Indiana. Lin, 1999: Local enhancements in the rear inflow jet (RIJ) tend to develop along and behind axes of bowing line segments, especially those associated with significant trailing stratiform precipitation. This study analyzes a population of 56 vortices (all cyclonic) in a full-physics, case study simulation to examine vortex characteristics and their relationships to the pre-line environment. The first came early in the morning in the form of a quasi-linear convective system (QLCS). Usually only up to about a minute. Wea. Mon. You must log in or register to reply here. While March produced fatal tornadoes, Ashley stresses the situation could have been much worse. A climatology of fatal convective wind events by storm type. Wea. Evaluation of multiple planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes in southeast U.S. cold season severe thunderstorm environments. http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/papers/trappetal.pdf, http://www.stormtrack.org/forum/archive/index.php/t-18802.html, http://www.eas.purdue.edu/mct/pdf/Proposed Taxonomy for Tornado Events.pdf, http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2603:MFTGOM>2.0.CO;2, http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/WAF1006.1, http://www.eas.slu.edu/CIPS/bowecho2.html. All rights reserved. Wind fields stronger than in warm season bow echo events. The nature of the three-dimensional structure of the cyclone was conceptualized after the development of the upper air network during the 1940s.[1]. height: 4px; Rev., 117, 11131139, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1113:NST>2.0.CO;2. Evening tornadoes caused significant damage in McLain and Toomsuba in Mississippi, and a number of powerful late-night supercells impacted areas surrounding Birmingham and Mobile. Meteor. Thats unheard of. Occurring in the dead of night, it was very narrow and on the . Tornado History Bow echo mesovortices. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Rev., 145, 149180, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0226.1. Supercell and quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) modes are of primary interest in this analysis. Soc., 13B.7, Convective modes for significant severe thunderstorms in the contiguous United States. margin: 0; Station History Outside North America they may be called by different names. : Investigation of an unusual storm structure associated with weak to occasionally strong tornadoes over the eastern United States. Soc., 4.5, The numerical simulation of non-supercell tornadogenesis. Past Derby/Oaks/Thunder Weather Please select one of the following: Experimental Graphical Hazardous Weather Outlook, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Sherburn, K., and M. Parker, 2014: J. Atmos. thesis, Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of North Carolina. Some mesovortices can deepen and be of strength to rival mesocyclones. , San Antonio, TX, Amer. HEAT.gov For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Anderson-Frey, A., Y. Richardson, A. This intense line of storms produced widespread damaging winds and numerous tornadoes, including multiple strong (EF2+) ones. The most recognized and well-known radar signature for tornadic supercells. Forecasting, 37, 11141135, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00115.1. Thats equal to the distance from Montgomery to Boston, Massachusetts. Schenkman, A., M. Xue, and A. Shapiro, 2012: . Linear thunderstorm structures often contain heavy precipitation, hail, frequent lightning, strong straight-line winds, and occasionally tornadoes or waterspouts. Smaller cumulus or stratocumulus clouds, along with cirrus, and, sometimes, altocumulus or cirrocumulus, can be found ahead of the squall line. QLCS tornado environments, especially east of the Great Plains (Fig. Using near-ground storm relative helicity in supercell tornado forecasting. What are other circulation sources for tornadoes? [+] Nearly 20% of all tornadoes are associated with lines of strong thunderstorms called "quasi-linear convective systems" (QLCS). Wea. At the same time, the South is becoming more vulnerable to twisters because of population and development trends. Strader, S., and W. Ashley, 2018: With at least 210 confirmed tornadoes, 2022 produced the most March twisters on record. Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV) and "Super QLCS" systems produce fewer tornadoes than their more truly linear counterparts., 3 of 5 Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV) and "Super QLCS" systems produce . As stated earlier, the Type II tornadoes can be as strong as most of the Type I tornadoes (but generally not beyond F4/EF4 intensity). Wakimoto, R., H. Murphey, C. Davis, and N. Atkins, 2006: Local Climate Pages Coffer, B., M. Parker, R. Thompson, B. Smith, and R. Jewell, 2019: Meteor. Przybylinski, R., 1995: J. Climate Graphs The faster the winds become, the faster the forward motion can be. Climate Soc., 10, 797812, https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0060.1. That makes the April 2011 Super Outbreak the costliest tornado outbreak in U.S. history. I can't find a definition of a QLCS there or online. Sci., 40, 359377, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<0359:ASOTTR>2.0.CO;2. Interestingly, the definition of the QLCS was not listed in the latest edition of the AMS Glossary of Meteorology (2000). A study of the tornadic region within a supercell thunderstorm. In the severe weather warning process for squall lines and bow echoes, knowledge of the environment and accurate and timely assessment of WSR-88D reflectivity and velocity structure is crucial. Dudhia, J., 2014: Overview of WRF physics. Self-organization and maintenance of simulated nocturnal convective systems from PECAN. HAVE ADDED A MODERATE El Nino and La Nina 24th Conf. Nevertheless, the swarms of twisters and related losses to life and property reveal an increasing vulnerability to these storms, particularly in the southern United States. The updraft ahead of the line create a mesolow too while the downdraft just behind the line will produce a mesohigh. Homeyer, C., T. Sandml, C. Potvin, and A. Murphy, 2020: Thompson, G., P. Field, R. Rasmussen, and W. Hall, 2008: Trapp, R., and M. Weisman, 2003: The convection then moves east and toward the equator into the warm sector, parallel to low-level thickness lines. J. Atmos. US Dept of Commerce They 'spin up' with a line of storms often called a squall line.. Okubo, A., 1970: Guess there are some differences. Contact Brittany Van Voorhees at bvanvoorhe@wcnc.com and follow her on Facebook . This outrunning occurs within the westerlies in a pattern where the upper-level jet splits into two streams. Two key ingredients came together to boost the months tornado activity. Certain reflectivity structures typically are associated with very strong surface winds and tornadoes. Rear inflow notches (RINs)/weak echo channels (WECs) frequently are noted behind the leading intense convection, which usually are co-located with local enhancements in the rear inflow jet (RIJ). Subtle weak echo regions (WERs) may be present on the leading edge of the reflectivity gradient marking the location of significant storm-relative inflow and the updraft zone. What is the role of downdrafts (a sinking current of air) and the distribution of temperature and moisture (both horizontally and vertically) in tornadogenesis?
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